I purchased a new governor gear, cross shaft, and bushing (the brass nut/bushing that screws in from outside) at a cost of around $65. This is recommended by most of the guys on OCC.
The shaft goes in first:
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Here is your governor gear. You'll note that the pin sticks up when centrifugal force expands the weights:
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That pin will push up on the lever that is welded to the shaft.
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This thin washer came with the new governor gear. I don't have any record of this washer on disassembly (and I haven't looked through my old parts yet) but I figure it has to go on the pin the governor gear sits on, before the governor gear. It lays flat and hides up there, so it's possible I never noticed it on disassembly.
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So I put it in place on the pin:
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Then pushed the lever up so there's room to get the governor gear in place:
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And installed the gear:
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Next this spacer over the shaft from the outside:
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And then the bushing.
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The service manual shows a "plain washer" in here, but I don't see one in my disassembly pics. Again, I'll have to check the parts (I'll update this post after I do, it's late...)
The bushing gets tightened to 100-120 inch lbs, per the manual.
And that's as far as I got tonight. I haven't put the stop pin in yet.
<edit 9/12/11 - Just now adding the pics of the stop pin>
The stop pin and copper washer go in last:
The manual mentions turning the gear to assure that the stop pin isn't hitting the weights.
<End of 9/12/11 edit>
This bit from the service manual confuses me:

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I'm guessing they refer to the "plain washer" as a speed control disc here (?) And I don't know about this riveted extension - mine probably doesn't have it.
And I'm guessing the "thrust washer" is the one I put on the pin under the governor gear. Just checking...