The 1604 is a far step beyond what you could buy now. You have the Peerless transmission which was given a bad reputation due to it also being used in box store grass benders. However i think (and someone will correct me on this im sure) that the trans in your tractor is a much better built trans than those of today, and almost as strong as the Cast Iron and Aluminum rear ends in other Cubs.
I think its pretty close to an IH/CCC 482/582 so check out the manuals in our tech section and see if you can make better sense of it

. That will also help out with your lighting and electrcial issues so you can remove the kill switch and use the key like its supposed to.
Also in the Tech section is the repair manual to the 1604 and will have a complete write up on how to rebuild the carb, and contact our sponsors at the top of the page for a carb kit or check the Cub Cadet parts site to find the part numbers for the rebuild kit to get it back in order. You can put a post in the wanted section here for the belt guard, just make sure to mention what kind of deck you have and someone im sure can point you in the right direction to one.
Hope this helps and sorry for being long winded!